Index

• Abdesselam, Belaid, 49–50
• Acemoglu, D., 120, 125
• The Achieving Society (McClelland), 59
• Advanced countries
  • competition in, 170
  • growth model for, 131
  • productivity growth in, 118–19
• Affirmative action, in Malaysia, 87
• Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), in Singapore, 69, 74
• Aghion, Philippe, 118, 121, 124, 125, 170
• Airbus, 30
• Akcigit, U., 120, 121
• Alcoa, 30
• Algeria, 94
  • El Hajdar in, 55
  • human capital in, xvi, 51, 168
  • industrialization in, 37–38, 49–54
  • manufacturing in, 51f, 56f
  • oil exports of, 15
  • World Trade Organization and, 56
• Alp, K., 120, 121
• Amsden, Alice, 20
• Apprenticeship programs, 32
• Arab Barometer, 60
• Arabization, of Algeria, 54
• Arezki, Rabah, 13
• Argentina, 104
• Askenazy, P., 119
• Association of Southeast Asian Nations, 41
• A*STAR. See Agency of Science, Technology and Research
• Automobile industry, in Mexico, 18, 42
• Badawi, Tun Abdullah Ahmad, 85
• Bahrain, 3, 10–11, 11f, 13–14, 37
  • export structure of, 12f
  • GDP per capita in, 8
  • output composition in, 5
• Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social. See Brazilian Development Bank
• Banks, 53–54, 53t
  • in Korea, 99
  • in MENA, 60, 61t
  • See also Brazilian Development Bank
• Barbados, 21
• Bartelsman, E., 121
• El Beblawi, H., 12–13
• Beck, T., 121n2
• Bendjedid, Chadli, 50
• Beteiligungskapital für junge Technologieunternehmen (BJTU), 142
• Big Push, 21, 29, 99–100
• Biomedical sciences industry, in Singapore, 73–74
• Biopolis, 77
• Biosimilars, 150, 150n3
• BJTU. See Beteiligungskapital für junge Technologieunternehmen
• Bloom, D., 120
• Blundell, R., 118
• BNDESPAR. See BNDES Participações
• BNDES Participações (BNDESPAR), 152
• Boeing, 30
• Boumediene, Houari, 37–38, 50, 94
• Boustan, L., 118
• Branco, Castello, 98
• Brasil Maior Plan, 147
• Brazil, 98
  • industrialization in, xvii, 145–53
  • industrial policy in, 145–47
  • manufacturing in, 146–47, 146f
  • R&D in, 147
  • SOEs in, 146
  • technological innovation in, 148, 148f, 149f, 149t, 170
• Brazilian Development Bank (Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social), xvii, 145–53
  • industrial policy and, 149–51
  • pharmaceuticals and, 150, 170
  • software industry and, 151, 151f, 170
  • sugarcane industry and, 150–51, 170
  • venture capital from, 152
• Cable, Vincent, 123
• Canada, 15, 21, 140
• Capital-to-labor ratio, 27
• Carbon price, 125
• Cette, G., 119
• Chang, Ha-Joon, 20, 28
• Chemicals industry, in Singapore, 72–73
• Cherif, Reda, 8, 14n9, 28n18, 47, 94, 95, 98
• Chile, 36f, 104, 105, 106
• China, 95, 122, 124
• Clean innovations, 125–26
• Climate change, 122–23
• Colombia, 36f, 106
• Comparative-advantage sectors, 4, 27–33, 65–77
• Competition, 124
  • in advanced countries, 170
  • frontier innovations and, 126
  • industrial policy and, 125
  • productivity growth and, 118
  • R&D and, 111
• Concept Plan, of Singapore, 67
• Conglomerates (zaibatsu), 97–98
• Consumption per capita, xiv, 19, 19f
• Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf. See Gulf Cooperation Council
• Coordination failures, 20–21, 29
• Corporation Law, in Korea, 96
• Creative destruction, 110, 118, 146n1
• Crespi, G., 108
• Demirgüç-Kunt, A., 121n2
• Denmark, 17
• Destanne de Bernis, Gérard, 49
• Development Decade, in Algeria, 50
• Di John, Jonathan, 38
• Dirty innovations, 125
• Discouragement effect, 118
• Diversification
  • in Algeria, xvi
  • capital supply and, 132
  • data on, 135–36
  • in Dubai, 3, 95
  • empirical findings on, 137, 138t
  • entrepreneurship and, xvii
  • in GCC, xv, 3–43, 173–74
  • GDP and, xvii, 131–32
  • GDP per capita and, 8
  • government and, 139–42, 174–75
  • for growth, xv
  • in Indonesia, 41–42
  • key policies for, xvii
  • in Korea, 93–101, 162f
  • lack of, xiii–xiv
  • in Latin America, xvii, 102–12
  • in Malaysia, 39–40, 83–91
  • to manufacturing, 8
  • measurement of, 136–37
  • in MENA, 47–61
  • in Mexico, 42–43
  • OECD and, 133f, 139–42, 140t
  • in oil exporters, 36–43
  • oil prices and, 36–38
  • patterns of, 133–34, 133f
  • poverty reduction and, xvii
  • in Saudi Arabia, xvi, 54–58
  • sustainable employment and, 48–49
  • sustainable growth from, 8
  • technological innovation and, xvii, 132
  • as top policy agenda, xv
  • in tradable sector, 95
  • women’s empowerment and, xvii
  • worldwide, 135f
  • Zhu on, 171–72
• Dolton, Peter, 26–27
• Dow Chemical, 30
• Dubai, 3, 37, 95, 169–70
• expatriate labor in, 48
• Dutch disease, 4n2
  • in Canada, 21
  • in GCC, 12, 14–18, 14n9, 15f, 22–23, 22n15, 33, 167–68
  • learning externality and, 22
  • market failure from, xvi
  • non-oil tradables and, 168
  • in Norway, 16, 21
• Early childhood education, in GCC, 26–27, 26f
• Ease of Doing Business Index, 83
• East Asia, xvi–xvii
• Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia of the United Nations, 60
• Economic Development Board (EDB), in Singapore, 65–66, 68
• Economic Development Institute, of World Bank, 70
• Economic Development Plan for the Eighties, in Singapore, 68–69
• Economic Transformation Programme, in Malaysia, 89–90
• EDB. See Economic Development Board
• Education
  • in Algeria, 51–52, 54
  • in GCC, 6, 26–27, 26f, 58–59 2
  • in Korea, 159–60, 169
  • in Malaysia, 90, 169
  • in MENA, 59–60
  • productivity growth and, 118
  • in Saemaul Undong, 159–60, 169
  • in Saudi Arabia, 57–58
  • in Singapore, 76, 76f
  • Zhu on, 177
• Electronics industry
  • in Saudi Arabia, 177
  • in Singapore, 71
• Employment
  • by expatriate labor, 12, 48, 68, 87, 173–74
  • in Korea, 160t
  • in private sector, 24–25, 27, 53–54, 57–58
  • in public sector, 3, 6, 24
  • sustainable, 48–49, 91
  • unemployment, xiv, 65, 100, 163t
• Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, 147
• Energy subsidies, in GCC, 24
• The Entrepreneurial State (Mazzucato), 173
• Entrepreneurship, xvii, 136, 175–76
• EPO Worldwide Patent Statistical Database, 135, 136f
• Equity investment program, in Germany, 142
• Escape competition effect, 118
• European Union, 29, 30
• Expatriate labor, 12, 48, 68, 87, 173–74
• Export credits, in Korea, 100
• Export sophistication, 10n8
  • in Denmark, 17
  • in GCC, 10, 10f
  • in Indonesia, 17–18
  • for late-late developers, 47
  • in Latin America, 106
  • in Malaysia, 15, 17, 169
  • manufacturing in, 20n13
  • in MENA, 61
  • in Mexico, 14, 18
  • in Norway, 16–17
• EXPY, 10n8, 14n9
• Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, 58
• Fally, T., 121
• FDI. See Foreign direct investment
• Feenstra, Robert, 14n9
• Finance sector
  • in GCC, 13–14
  • See also Banks
• FINEXPO. See Fondo de Exportaciones
• Fiscal policy, xiv, 6, 23–27
  • for oil rents, 12
• Fondo de Exportaciones (FINEXPO), 38
• Foreign direct investment (FDI), 136, 137
  • in Dubai, 169–70
  • in Malaysia, 17, 85
  • in Mexico, 18, 42
  • in Singapore, 68
• Frankel, J., 122
• Free trade zones, 18, 169–70
• Freire, Paulo, 176
• Frontier innovations, 118, 126
• Fuentes, R. F., 105
• Garicano, L., 121
• GCC. See Gulf Cooperation Council
• GDP. See Gross domestic product
• GDP per capita, 21, 104f, 117, 118, 120
  • in GCC, 6–8, 7f
  • in Latin America, 105
• Gelb, Alan, 41
• Germany, 96, 123, 142
• Gini index, 135, 158
• Global Innovation Index, 83
• Global Science and Innovation Advisory Council, in Malaysia, 91
• Good governance, in Korea, 156
• Good Jobs First, 30
• Gough, I., 156
• Government, xiv, xv, 23, 95–96, 139–42, 174–75
  • climate change and, 122–23
  • in GCC, 27–33
  • of Indonesia, 17–18, 41–42
  • in Latin America, 108–10
  • of Norway, 29
  • R&D and, 42–43
  • of Singapore, 29–30, 29n20
  • SMEs and, 32–33
  • See also Saemaul Undong
• Government Transformation Programme, in Malaysia, 89–90
• Gredig, R., F., 105
• Gross domestic product (GDP), xvii, 131–32
  • of Bahrain, 11f
  • growth sources for, 105f
  • of Latin America, 105f
  • of Malaysia, 87
  • relative income and, 8
  • of Singapore, 11f, 66f, 69, 70f, 79t–80t
  • See also GDP per capita
• Growth decomposition, 9f, 36f
• Growth model
  • for advanced countries, 131
  • in GCC, 4–8
  • for middle-income countries, 117–28
• Guaranteed Business Loan Program, of SBA, 141
• Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), xiii, 3–43, 3n1, 133f, 134
  • Dutch disease in, 12, 14–18, 14n9, 15f, 22n15
  • early childhood education in, 26–27, 26f
  • education in, 6, 26–27, 26f, 58–59
  • entrepreneurship in, 175–76
  • expatriate labor in, 173–74
  • export sophistication in, 10, 10f
  • GDP per worker in, 6–8, 7f
  • government in, 27–33
  • growth model in, 4–8
  • incentives in, xvi, 12
  • infrastructure in, 21, 22f
  • Korea and, 93, 100
  • life expectancy in, 6, 7f
  • market failures in, 20–23, 167–68
  • non-oil tradables in, 3, 5–6
  • nontradable sector in, 23
  • oil rents in, 47
  • oil reserves in, 47
  • PPP in, 9f
  • productivity growth in, 168
  • relative income in, xv, 6–8
  • schooling years in, 6, 6f, 25, 25f
  • sustainable growth in, 8–14
  • technological innovation in, xvii
  • TFP in, 8, 9f, 11
  • top industries in, 134f
  • value-added sectors in, 27–33
• Hadeed, 55
• Al-Haj, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra, 85
• El Hajdar, 55
• Hajj, 60
• Haltiwanger, J., 121
• Hasanov, Fuad, 8, 28n18, 47, 94, 95, 98
• Hausmann, Ricardo, 8, 10n8, 14n9, 20, 37, 106
• Heavy and Chemical Industrialization Plan, in Korea, 99, 100
• Heckman, James, 25
• Henry, Clement M., 37–38
• Henry, Peter Blair, 21
• Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI), 133–34, 133f, 133n2, 137
• Hirschman, Albert O., xiii, 96
• Horizontal diversification, 29–30, 84, 84f, 168
• Housing and Development Board, of Singapore, 67
• Hsieh, C.-T., 119
• Human capital, 9, 32
  • in Algeria, xvi, 51, 168
  • in GCC, 8
  • in Latin America, 106
  • in Malaysia, 40, 85
  • in Saudi Arabia, xvi, 168
  • in Singapore, 76, 76f
  • See also Employment
• Human development index, 6
• Human Resources Development Fund, 40
• Hvidt, Martin, 11–12
• Hwang, Jason, 8, 10n8, 14n9
• ICT. See Information and communication technologies
• Imitative innovations, 118
• Import substitution strategy, 39–40, 122, 163
• India, 119–20
• Indonesia, 8, 21, 41–42
  • export sophistication in, 17–18
  • manufacturing in, 17–18, 56f
  • oil exports in, 5, 15
• Industrial, Technology, and Trade Policy, in Brazil, 147
• Industrial deepening, 95–96, 98, 100
• Industrialization
  • in Algeria, 37–38, 49–54
  • in Brazil, xvii, 145–53
  • in GCC, 13
  • in Korea, xvi–xvii, 93–101, 160–62, 160t, 169
  • in Malaysia, 85
  • in Singapore, 65–77
  • in Venezuela, 38
  • See also Manufacturing
• Industrial Master Plan, in Malaysia, 87
• Industrial policy, 123–24
  • in Brazil, 145–47
  • Brazilian Development Bank and, 149–51
  • in China, 122
  • competition and, 125
• Industry clusters, 32, 41–43
• Infant mortality, in GCC, 6
• Information and communication technologies (ICT), 118, 119
• Infrastructure
  • in GCC, 21, 22f
  • in India, 119
  • in Korea, 161–62
  • in Malaysia, 87
  • in Singapore, 77
• Innovation. See Technological innovation
• Intellectual property rights, 118
• Intergenerational equity, xiv, xv
• International Country Risk Guide, 21
• INTSOK foundation, 29
• Investment, 28n18, 126–27
  • in Korea, 99–100
  • in Latin America, 104
  • in Malaysia, 40, 90
  • in Singapore, 71
  • See also Venture capital
• Ireland, 32–33
• Irish Development Agency, 32
• Islamic finance, 60
• Jamaica, 21
• Japan, 93–98, 119, 122, 123, 158
• Jarreau, Joachim, 8, 14n9
• Al Jasser, Muhammad, xviii, 171–77
• Jomo, K. S., 17–18, 20, 40, 41
• Jurong Island, 72–73
• Jurong Town Corporation, 31
• Kammer, Alfred, 171–77
• Kazushige, Ugaki, 97
• Klenow, P., 119
• Klette, T., 120
• Knowledge spillovers, 123
• Koch, W., 119
• Koh, W., 162
• Korea, xvi–xvii, 27, 36f, 162f
  • banks in, 99
  • Corporation Law in, 96
  • education in, 159–60, 169
  • good governance in, 156
  • Heavy and Chemical Industrialization Plan in, 99, 100
  • import substitution strategy in, 163
  • industrial deepening in, 100
  • industrialization in, 93–101, 160–62, 160t, 169
  • land reform in, xvii, 157–60, 158n2
  • National Investment Fund in, 99–100
  • poverty reduction in, 159–60, 161, 161t
  • unemployment in, 100, 163t
  • U.S. and, 98–99
  • See also Saemaul Undong
• Kortum, S., 120
• Krugman, Paul, 27
• Kuwait, 3, 31, 48
• Labor-Sponsored Venture Capital Corporations (LSVCCs), 140
• Lall, Sanjaya, 20
• Land reform, in Korea, xvii, 157–60, 158n2
• Larraín, M., 105
• Late-late developers, 47, 47n1
• Latin America, xvii, 102–12, 105f
  • government in, 108–10
  • human capital in, 106
  • import substitution strategy in, 122
  • investment in, 104
  • market failures in, 108
  • R&D in, 109–11
  • savings in, 104
  • technological innovation in, 107–11
• Learning externality, 20–21, 20n14, 22, 27
• Lee Kuan Yew, 167
• Lelarge, C., 121
• Lerner, J., 142
• Lerner index, 124
• Liassine, Mohammed, 50
• Life expectancy, 6, 7f, 172
• Lin, Justin, 28
• Loan guarantees, OECD and, 140–41
• Loan Guarantee Scheme, in United Kingdom, 142
• Looney, R. E., 12
• Lopez, J., 119
• LSVCCs. See Labor-Sponsored Venture Capital Corporations
• Lucas, Robert E., 8–9, 131
• Machinery real exports per capita, 15f, 16f
• Mairesse, J., 119
• “Making a Miracle” (Lucas), 8–9
• Maksimovic, V., 121n2
• Malaysia, 83–91
  • education in, 90, 169
  • export sophistication in, 15, 17, 169
  • FDI in, 17
  • horizontal diversification in, 84, 84f
  • human capital in, 40, 85
  • import substitution strategy in, 39–40
  • International Country Risk Guide for, 21
  • investment in, 40, 90
  • manufacturing in, xvi, 39–40, 56f, 85
  • National Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy in, 90–91
  • oil exports in, 5, 15
  • palm oil in, 86, 169
  • rubber in, 86, 169
  • savings in, 40
  • TFP in, 8
  • value-added industries in, 40
  • vertical diversification in, 29, 84f
• Manufacturing, 8
  • in Algeria, 51f, 56f
  • in Bahrain, 11
  • in Brazil, 146–47, 146f
  • in export sophistication, 20n13
  • in GCC, 4, 5
  • horizontal diversification in, 29–30
  • in Indonesia, 17–18, 56f
  • in Malaysia, xvi, 39–40, 56f, 85
  • SABIC and, 55
  • in Saudi Arabia, 56f
  • in Singapore, 66–67, 78t, 79t, 169
  • in Tunisia, 56f
• Marcenaro-Gutierrez, Oscar D., 26–27
• Market distortions, xiv, xv
• Market failures, 20n14
  • from Dutch disease, xvi
  • in GCC, 20–23, 167–68
  • in Latin America, 108
• Matsuyama, Kiminori, 20
• Mazzucato, Mariana, 173
• McClelland, David, 59
• MDGs. See Millennium Development Goals
• Medical technology, in Singapore, 73–74
• MENA. See Middle East and North Africa
• Mexico, 5, 8, 14, 15, 18, 32, 42–43
• Middle East and North Africa (MENA), xvi, 47–61, 133f
  • banks in, 60, 61t
  • HHI for, 134
  • sustainable employment in, 48–49
  • women’s education in, 59
  • work ethic in, 60
• Middle-income countries
  • growth model for, 117–28
  • productivity growth in, 117–21
• Middle-income trap, xvii
• Migrant labor. See Expatriate labor
• Millennium Development Declaration, 156
• Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 156
• Miller, Conrad, 21
• Modernization theory, 93
• Mohamad, Tun Dr Mahathir, 85
• Monopolies, 20, 22f, 38, 96, 100, 175
• Moretti, Enrico, 30
• Morocco, 51f
• Multimedia Super Corridor, in Malaysia, 89
• Mutual Security Act, 99
• Nabli, Mustapha, 13
• National Industrial Policy, in Malaysia, 87
• National Investment Fund, in Korea, 99–100
• Nationalization, in oil exporters, 36–37
• National Key Results Areas, in Malaysia, 89–90
• National Linkage Promotion Program, in Ireland, 32–33
• National Principles (Rukun Negara), of Malaysia, 90
• National Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy, in Malaysia, 90–91
• National Transformation Programme, in Malaysia, 89
• Netherlands, 142
• New Economic Policy, in Malaysia, 87
• New Village Movement. See Saemaul Undong
• Nigeria, 15
• Nixon, Richard, 99
• Nokia, 30
• Non-oil GDP, in GCC, 11
• Non-oil tradables, 37
  • Dutch disease and, 168
  • in GCC, xv–xvi, 3, 5–6, 20, 27
• Nontradable sector, viii, xiii–xiv, 30
  • in GCC, 3, 4–5, 13, 14n9, 23
• North American Free Trade Agreement, 18, 42
• Norway, 5, 15, 16–17, 21, 29, 36f
• Nunn, N., 123, 124
• Ocampo, Jose Antonio, 20
• OECD. See Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
• Oil exports and exporters, 5f, 35t, 36–43
  • economic indicators of, 34t
  • in GCC, 5
  • SOEs in, 36–37
• Oil prices
  • collapse of, viii, ix, 17, 37, 41
  • consumption per capita and, 19f
  • decline of, xiv
  • fiscal policy and, 6
  • peak of, 8n4, 36–37
  • rise of, 38
  • volatility of, 47
• Oil rents, 12, 47, 47n2, 48t
• Oil reserves, 14n12, 35t
  • in Bahrain, 3
  • in GCC, 47
  • in Oman, 3
  • in Saudi Arabia, 3
• Oman, 3, 6, 15
• OPEC. See Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 119, 132, 133f, 133n1, 139–42, 140t
• Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 41
• Palm oil, in Malaysia, 86, 169
• Papageorgiou, Chris, 8
• Park Chung Hee, 94, 98, 163–64
• Patents, 75f, 136, 136f
• The Pedagogy of the Oppressed (Freire), 176
• Peru, 106
• Peters, M., 120, 121
• Petronas, 29, 39
• Pharmaceuticals, 73–74, 150, 170
• Pinto, Rodrigo, 25
• Polytechnic institute, in Mexico, 32, 42
• Poncet, Sandra, 8, 14n9
• Portfolio diversification, 48–49, 60
• Poverty reduction, xvii
  • in Korea, 159–60, 161, 161t
  • MDGs and, 156
• PPP. See Purchasing power parity
• Precision engineering industry, in Singapore, 72
• “The Principle of the Hiding Hand” (Hirschman), xiii
• Private sector, banks and, 53–54, 53t
• Private sector employment, 24–25, 27, 53–54, 57–58
• Productive Development Policy, in Brazil, 147
• Productivity growth
  • in advanced countries, 118–19
  • in emerging markets, 119–20
  • in GCC, 168
  • in India, 119–20
  • in middle-income countries, 117–21
  • tariffs and, 123
  • vertical targeting for, 122–26
• Public sector employment, 3, 6, 24
• Purchasing power parity (PPP), 9f, 9n5, 10f, 19f, 34t, 36f
• Qatar, 3, 6, 8, 37, 48
• Quah, D., 132
• Quality ladder, 9, 11
• Rajan, R., 121
• Ramey, G., 131–32
• Ramey, V. A., 131–32
• Razak, Tun Abdul, 85
• R&D. See Research and development
• Realo Plano (Real Plan), 147, 147n2
• Redistribution, xiv, xv
• Relative income, xv, 6–8, 14n9
• Research and development (R&D), 31, 31f, 118
  • in Brazil, 147
  • in Latin America, 109–11
  • in Mexico, 42–43
  • in Singapore, 69, 73–74, 74f
  • TFP and, 110–11
  • in U.S., 141, 141f
• Risk-return trade-off channel, 23, 24, 30
• Rodriguez, Francisco, 37
• Rodrik, Dani, 8, 10n8, 14n9, 20, 22
• Romer, D., 122
• Romero, Javier Martínez, 42
• Rubber, 86, 169
• Rukun Negara (National Principles), of Malaysia, 90
• S2A. See Science to Action
• SABIC. See Saudi Basic Industries Corporation
• Sachs, Jeffrey, 156
• Saemaul Undong (New Village Movement), xvii, 27, 101, 155–65, 159t
  • education in, 159–60, 169
  • land reform in, xvii, 157–60
  • policy implications for, 164–65
  • poverty reduction in, 159–60
  • for social inclusion, 160–62
• Saudi Advanced Electronics Company, 177
• Saudi Arabia, xvi, 8, 21, 54–58, 168
  • education in, 57–58
  • electronics industry in, 177
  • life expectancy in, 172
  • manufacturing in, 56f
  • public sector employment in, 3
  • R&D in, 31
  • venture capital in, 175
• Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC), 13, 37, 54–58, 172–73
• Savelyev, Peter, 25
• Savings
  • in Latin America, 104
  • in Malaysia, 40
• SBA. See Small Business Administration
• SBIR. See Small Business Innovation Research Program
• Scarpetta, S., 121
• Schooling years, in GCC, 6, 6f, 25, 25f
• Schumpeter, Joseph, 110, 146, 146n1
• Schumpeterian paradigm, 117, 118, 120, 123
• Science Park, in Taiwan, 30
• Science to Action (S2A), in Malaysia, 91
• Second Industrial Revolution, in Singapore, 68–69
• Service sector, 13, 40, 53, 57
• Singapore, xvi, 10–11, 11f, 12f, 31, 36f, 66f, 75f
  • in 1960s, 65–67
  • in 1970s, 68
  • in 1980s, 68–69
  • in 1990s and 2000s, 69
  • A*STAR in, 74
  • biomedical sciences industry in, 73–74
  • chemicals industry in, 72–73
  • EDB of, 65–66, 68
  • education in, 76, 76f
  • electronics industry in, 71
  • GDP of, 11f, 66f, 69, 70f, 79t–80t
  • government in, 29–30, 29n20
  • human capital in, 76, 76f
  • industrialization in, 65–77
  • manufacturing in, 66–67, 78t, 79t, 169
  • precision engineering industry in, 72
  • R&D in, 73–74, 74f
  • system integrators in, 29–30
  • technological innovation in, 75–77
  • Urban Redevelopment Authority of, 67
  • value-added in, 68–69
• Singapore Institute of Management, 68
• Singapore River, 67
• Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), 23, 30, 32–33
• Small Business Administration (SBA), 141
• Small Business Innovation Research Program (SBIR), xvii, 30–31, 141–42, 170
• SMEs. See Small and medium-sized enterprises
• Société Nationale pour la Recherche, la Production, le Transport, la Transformation, et la Commercialisation des Hydrocarbures (Sonatrach), 52
• SOEs. See State-owned enterprises
• Software industry, Brazilian Development Bank and, 151, 151f, 170
• Solow, R., 117
• Sonatrach. See Société Nationale pour la Recherche, la Production, le Transport, la Transformation, et la Commercialisation des Hydrocarbures
• Spatafora, Nicola, 8
• Special economic zones, 31
• State monopolies, 38
• State-owned enterprises (SOEs), 36–37
  • in Brazil, 146
  • in Singapore, 29
  • in Venezuela, 37, 38
• Stern, N., 20
• Strategic retreat, in Indonesia, 17, 41–42
• Subsidies, 30, 124
  • in Germany, 32
  • in Kuwait, 48
  • in nontradable sector, viii
• Sugarcane industry, 150–51, 170
• Supreme Council for National Reconstruction, in Korea, 163
• Sustainable employment, 48–49, 91
• Sustainable growth, xiv–xv, 4
  • in Brazil, 147, 149–50
  • in GCC, 8–14
  • from industrialization, 160–61
  • in tradable sector, 167
  • tradable sector for, 19
• System integrators, 29–30, 42–43
• Taiwan, 30
• Tariffs, xv, 17, 18, 39, 97, 123, 146
• Tax breaks, 30, 42, 118, 140
• Technical Development Credits Scheme, in Netherlands, 142
• Technological innovation, xvii, 118, 127, 132
  • in Brazil, 148, 148f, 149f, 149t, 170
  • clean, 125–26
  • GDP per capita and, 117
  • in Latin America, 107–11
  • in Malaysia, 90–91
  • by SABIC, 56–57
  • in Singapore, 69, 75–77
  • See also Research and development
• Total factor productivity (TFP), 110–11, 124
  • in GCC, 8, 9f, 11
  • in Latin America, 103, 104–6
• Tourism, 13, 60, 85
• Tradable sector, 31f, 95
  • in GCC, 23
  • investment in, 28n18
  • market failure in, 22
  • relative wage in, 14n9
  • in Singapore, 29
  • for sustainable growth, 19, 167
  • venture capital for, 30–31
• Trefler, D., 123, 124
• Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study, 60
• Tunisia, 51f, 56f
• Turkey, 36f
• UAE. See United Arab Emirates
• Unemployment, xiv, 65, 100, 163t
• United Arab Emirates (UAE), 3, 6, 13, 15, 24
• United Nations Industrial Development Organization, 133, 135
• United Nations Millennium Project, 156
• United States (U.S.), 6–8, 133f
  • ICT in, 119
  • Korea and, 98–99
  • R&D in, 141, 141f
  • SBA in, 141
  • SBIR in, xvii, 30–31, 141–42, 170
• Urban Redevelopment Authority, of Singapore, 67
• U.S. See United States
• Value-added
  • equation for, 70n2
  • in GCC, 4, 27–33
  • in Malaysia, 40
  • in Singapore, 68–69
  • technological innovation and, 170
• Van Reenen, J., 120, 121
• Venezuela, 15, 37, 38
• Venture capital, viii, xvii, 4, 17, 27, 30–31, 170
  • from Brazilian Development Bank, 152
  • in Canada, 140
  • OECD and, 139
  • in Saudi Arabia, 175
• Vertical diversification, 29, 84f, 168
• Vertical greenery, in Singapore, 67
• Vertical targeting, for productivity growth, 122–26
• Volatility management, xv
• Wacziarg, R., 122
• Wagner, Rodrigo, 37
• Women
  • education of, in MENA, 59, 59f
  • empowerment of, xvii, 136
• Woo, Meredith, 170
• Wood, G., 156
• Work ethic, 60, 169
• World Bank, 70, 83, 122, 135, 136f, 137
• World Development Indicators, 135, 136f, 137
• World Economic Forum, 57t, 83, 106
• World Trade Organization, 30, 55–56
• Young, Alwyn, 27
• Zahlan, A. B., 57
• Zaibatsu (conglomerates), 97–98
• Zhu, Min, 171–77
• Zingales, L., 121